When the engineers thought of building the pyramid they should choose the site that it will be an accurate pyramid according to the following considerations:
The site must be such as West Nile every pharaonic tombs.
The site must be above the level of the river and at the same time not be far from its bank Bank.
Must also be that the site near to the river because the stones for building the pyramid and annex buildings were transported by ship from quarries by the river Nile.
Must be free rocky ground, which will be held by the pyramid from any likelihood of cracking or defect
the site must be close to the capital and royal palace.
And these conditions have been met in the Saqqara pyramid sites - the pyramids of Abu Sir, which lies in the face of Memphis
Overview of the pyramid:
Estimated number of stones that built the pyramid of which 2.3000000 block stone weighing an average of 2.5 tons to 15 tons. Have estimated the dimensions of the original aspects of the original at the base of the pyramid as follows: -
North 755.43 feet
South: --756 008 feet
East - 755.88 feet
West - 755.77 feet
The height of the pyramid built at the end of 481.4 feet due to erosion, lack of height 31 feet and reaches its aspects at an angle of almost 51,052 Mekdaraha toward the ground.
The pyramid was built on an area of 13.1 acres
Use of external cladding of the pyramid in past ages to build bridges over the canals and the construction of houses and walls and most of the buildings near the Cairo and Giza .
The entrance to the pyramid in the north facade at a height of 55 feet above ground level.
The unit of measurement used in the construction of the pyramid is the property arm of which is equal to 20,062 inches.
Preliminary operations for the construction of the pyramid:
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After selecting the appropriate location, was the first step carried out by the engineers is to remove the layer of sand and small stones and gravel from the site of the pyramid. And give the opportunity to build the pyramid on a base rock steady. And then the engineers to settle the rocky ground by water and is cut from the land of rocks They were reserve them where they need to use if. As a result of their care in this process was a deviation in the horizontal plane of the ground on which the pyramid is less than half an inch from the horizontal level is correct.
The last step in these processes is to make sure that the base of the pyramid take the form of the full box as much as possible, and they will help them in this step with sticks of wood, each party to the other party or a long rope. When used ropes made from flax fibers or palm length was increased slightly when Bashdha use, and for this we find a difference between the longest side and the shortest side in the Great Pyramid of 7.9 inches. This error occurred in the aspects of more than 9000 inches in length and this indicates the severity of the accuracy of building the pyramids, especially the presence of a rocky outcrop in the middle makes it difficult to measure the diameters of the box compared to the case.
Adjust the sides of the pyramid:
Builders of the pyramids was able to adjust the sides of the pyramid towards the four original help of a celestial body or more, and the margin of error is very slight, which leaves no room for doubt on the accuracy of the work of the architects of the pyramid.
And we tried to know the method used to control aspects of the pyramid we found that the most desirable method is to observe a star in the northern half of the sky, in the beginning is bisect the angle made up of a place Chrogah and place in which they occurred from control and place of twilight. And to obtain the required precision was necessary to either see the real horizon at two points in which the star shine and kept in, and either work on the industrial horizon of a regular high above these two points, what was the level of irregularity of the ground anywhere in the horizon impedes knowledge of the real work had to be an industrial skyline. Can be accessed through the building wall of a circular (drop a few feet) on the floor of the rock has been settled for the pyramid and should be a high barrier sufficient to prevent a person standing inside the circle to see anything else outside but the sky - but should not the result that it becomes the wall is higher than the person. - as it should be the upper surface of the wall at a height of one is set and can be obtained easily by water and by making temporary bridges of clay on the top surfaces of the wall ring inside and out, noting the reserve necessary to prevent water leakage. The observation of one person are seen from above short rod installed vertically in the ground at the center of the circle and the last person standing inside the circle receives instructions from the first person. And when it appears the star over the wall put a sign over the wall directly over the straight line between the observer and the star must work this process first in the direction of east and then toward the West a few hours later by monitoring the star himself in the two cases and then casting the balance of construction between the brands, which on the wall and put a two signs on the ground in the colon, which descends upon the balance of vertical and Ptnsif corner we get the true north and becomes a line (a) is the direction north-south and to increase the verification can return this work to monitor some of the different stars in the same way before the demolition of the wall ring and is located east and Morocco at an angle of 90 of the line that we got. But have not found so far on the triangle and other tools were probably used to measure such as this angle, but we see from the study of that era buildings that have right angle corners to be completed as indicating their knowledge of accurate machine brought them to this conclusion.
Preparations for construction:
Just as there were preliminary operations at the site of the pyramid, there were some preparations for the building in another place, where they put the foundations of the way upward from locally cut stone to be used in the transportation of construction materials.
And the work of external cladding of the pyramid was cut from the limestone cladding of the good kind from the mountains of Mokattam. Egyptians and I had a well-made brass used to cut stones, including chisels and saws. It was thought that the Egyptians ways to give the copper a high degree of strength, hardness, and they also use chisels and wedges, Valozamal used to separate aspects of a mass of rock, the wedges were used to isolate the cluster from the bottom. So we find in the trench a quarry bores deep runs the length of aisle width between the ceiling and block to enable a worker to crawl over the surface of the cluster to vertical cracks occur by chisels and that separate them from the rock from behind and another factor is the work of a similar vertical incisions down the sides and finally wedges are placed in holes drilled at the base of horizontally separated from the rock.
It is believed that there is another way to separate the block by replacing the wedges in the previous method Bosavin of wood where the separation of mass PayPal timber with water to expand, so do not need to work cavity under the cluster Phippdaua causing cracks vertical directly without the work of cavity and that provides a place wide of the workers do not are forced to serve them in an individual trench under the cluster to be separated and these methods were to split limestone.
As for the granite, the granite of the unique feature is that, if heated to high temperature and then cooled suddenly happen virtual cracks and lead to the disintegration of its surface. Therefore they Ascension granite blocks with fire and then pour cold water upon it leads to fragmentation of the cluster surface scraper Wiczal small stone and repeat this process until they reach the stone with a hardness required. Then they separated granite stone, and was a more arduous task where the lead beating the rock around the block of stone rollers Aldoloret), a solid stone tends to no vegetation in the Western Sahara).
The transfer of blocks of stone used to be during the flood season on the boats, and how to move above the ground to reach the site, through the Flip Flops are placed by the block of stone using cranes from just above the ground and then linking the crawler and the bloc together with ropes so that can be raised again with cranes to put underneath cylinders wooden Vtger crawler mounted above the path of the wood and then pulls the ropes installed, and the number of men who pull crawler depends on the weight of the block.
Pyramid building:
The engineers were interested in a strong interest in the equal sides of the pyramid, where a square base as complete as possible, then add the internal cladding of the Torah so that the stones fill the interior space of the box, and so may be built first class of the pyramid. To be able to put up huge blocks and put the first class second class were making it slope upward dragging huge blocks and through the development of CD (dolphins) under the cluster to be able to put in place. And all the mass within the cluster, which lies beneath it and walked on this pattern to build gradually slopes upward through the more increased the greater the degree of the slope upward.
After reaching the summit of the pyramid has become in the form of a series of small degrees, and are placed after the external cladding. This cladding is made up of blocks of stones placed to fill the grades and then stepped down from the outside at an angle so that the inclined surface smoothness. The left three rooms low surface to ease the pressure on the chamber called the king's room.
They also prepare the pyramid ports connected to chamber air temperature kept King King room throughout the year at 22 degrees. There Dhlizan inside the pyramid, one rising from the entrance to the king's chamber is different from the vestibule downward sculpture carved in the rock is not accurate. It has built a square pyramid in order to face the four aspects of the original, where the entrance and in the northern facade (MLM).
Strength building of the pyramids:
It was found that all buildings built in the form of pyramids resist some of the weather conditions also resist also to earthquakes and storms over the years and the biggest proof of that the Great Pyramid because it's been several earthquakes, winds from the earthquake that happened in the late 13th century and destroyed Cairo, and after Cairo earthquake led to the fall of exterior cladding consisting of limestone used in the construction of new buildings in and around Cairo, including: Mosque of Sultan Hussein (1356 m). To protect the chambers five in central pyramid put engineers blocks high (the top of the pyramid) above the limestone instead of the wall of granite, steel, where the limestone can be crushed in the case of association shall bear the shock rather than from the ranks of the blocks the bottom (the bottom of the pyramid) and thus save the walls Unlike granite stone that does not crush that leads to a fall on the pyramid and destroy rooms. It was built pyramid temples next to each one of them called the mortuary temple next to the pyramid to evaluate ritual priests of Pharaoh and the other is called the valley temple to the general public to visit the Pharaoh will be held east of the Nile.
Pyramids Photos Gallery
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